Dairy industries.

                            Dairy industry

1. Rearing and management of cattles like cow and buffaloes for milk and milk products.

• Dairy industries include production processing distribution and marketing of milk and milk products. 
• Selection of breed: 
• in india mainly cow's Buffalo's are used in daily farm.
• Breed selected should be high yielding good quality healthy disease resistant and suitable for the local climatic condition 

   Breeds of cow: 

       Indian or desi breeds of cow: Sahiwal, red Sindhi, gir etc.

       Exotic breeds of cow: jursy, brown Swiss,Holstein fressian in which holstain is a highest milk producer.

Breeds of Buffalo's:  murraha, nagpuri, surati, jaffarabadi, mehasana, nili etc.

All indian breeds of Buffalo's are good milk producers in which murraha is a highest milk producers.

Cattle shade: cattle shade should be spacious with adequate facility of feeding , watering and lighting
Cattle shade should have proper drainage system proper disposal of  excreta and proper ventilation.
Cattle shade may be off tail to tail system or head to head system.

Budding

                                  Budding

1. Single bud with small part of bark and living tissue behind is grafted on a particular stock the process called budding.
2. Budding is a basically part of grafting.
3. A sutaible bud is selected and seperated from desirable plant in such a way that bud  should have a small part of bark and living tissue behind.
4. I shape or T shape cut is given on the stock.     Bark of raise margin of inssesion.                    

5. Separate bud is inserted into the insession at joining portion is covered with grafting wax and bud is formally  tide in grafting tape

6. When bud develop to form new shoot , stock is cut at 3cm above the grafted bud.             

7. Exposed part of stock is sealed with substance like tar to avoid water loss and infection

fig.21

Plant Grafting

                                  Grafting

1. Grafting is  the technique of joining the parts of two different plant in such a way that they united together and continued there growth as single plant
2. In the process of grafting the part of one plant is inserted on plant of another plant  may be of Same species or compatible species 

Stock:  The plant rooted in the soil and on which part of another plant (scion)  is inserted  called as stock or root stock

Fig 2.1

Scion: Part of plant with desirable character which interested on stock during grafting is called as scion.

Note-

For better understand look at fig 2.1

Vegetative propagation (Cutting, Grafting and budding)

There are three types of artificial vegetative Propagation.

1. Cutting
2. Grafting                                 
3. Budding         

1) Cutting:  

              1) Cutting are the small pieces of vegetative plant part like root ,steam and leaves which have capacity to develop into the new indivisible plant when place in the moist soil. 

                                                                                    2) Cutting is a most Covinient and cheaf method of artificial vegetative propagation.     3)  Cutting is use to propagate ornamental plants 🌱 and Some fruit crops

        Types of reproduction in plants.            1) Asexual reproduction(Apomixis):
     Asexual reproduction is the mode of reproduction that takes place without Formation and fusion of male and female gamets.

             Types of Asexual Reproduction 
              (Apomixis)

• Agamospermy: method of asexual reproduction that takes place without formation of fusion of male and female gamets.

• Vegetative propagation: The method of regenaration or formation of new indivisible plant part like root, steam, and leaves called as vegetative propagation.

Reproduction in plants.

                     Reproduction in plants.
We have studied about most important science topics i.e reproduction in plants that's most use for 12th science students .

Defn of reproduction:
                     Every living organism has natural tendency to produce similar one like themselves are called reproduction.

Modes of reproduction:
       Plants mainly reproduce by two methods
 1) Asexual reproduction
 2) Sexual reproduction